Special Issue 65: Towards the New Physics

Substrate Theory Part 2: 

Towards the New Physics

by Jim Schofield

Part 2 of our special anniversary series on Substrate Theory is finally here!

This selection of papers constitute more recent additions to this burgeoning new Physics and many of these have never been published before.

Increasingly, I no longer feel like a lone voice in this. Other physicists are starting to move in this direction - Lee Smolin and Frank Wilczek are joining a growing group of dissenters in mainstream Physics, unhappy with its infinite descent into the Idealist wormhole, away from materialism and realism.

This series is a significant celebration of both the Journal’s (and its principle theorist’s) 10 years spent in theoretically addressing the current ever-deepening crisis in Modern Physics. This is represented by the now consensus position embodied in the premises of this subject as they are brought together in The Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Theory, which has steadfastly taken Physics away from physical Explanation of reality, and instead towards a wholly idealist stance, that assigns full causality only to the set of formal equations, primarily derived from High Speed Accelerator Experiments, primarily conducted at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN.

My hypothesis is that Copenhagen was almost universally instituted throughout Sub Atomic Physics, as a set of formal tricks for dealing with a missing / hidden Substrate - papering over the cracks of the waves in nothing.

Elsewhere, in my book The Real Philosophy of Science, these philosophical problems have been tackled, but here we must also tackle physically the very real possibility of an undetectable Universal Substrate - look at why it might have escaped detection and how we might finally prove its existence.

Substrate Theory continues... soon!

To celebrate their 10 year anniversary SHAPE Journal's epic series on Jim Schofield's Substrate Theory continues, with the next instalment due to be published in coming days...

Part 1 - The Lepton Substrates - Issue 65 was published last month: a bumper issue which collects all relevant papers documenting the evolution of this new physical theory, from the concept of a new aether of "empty photons" to a whole new look at the standard model, with magnetons made of Taus and Muons to the possibility of Neutrino-based gravity fields. 

Part 2 - Towards the New Physics - Special Issue 65 presents the latest research on this theory, examining how the Universal Substrate can help tackle all the biggest questions in physics today, from the Spacetime Continuum to the Uncertainty Principle, from Casimir Effect, Redshift, Time Crystals, Superfluids and Dark Matter, to Virtual Particles and the work of Frank Wilczek.

Watch this not-so-empty space...

Issue 58: The Solar Wind II

This strange new auroral phenomenon is called 'Steve'

Steve is still a mystery

There's been quite a bit of odd space weather lately. 'Steve' above has been spotted in the skies before, but only in the last couple of months has this bizarre aurora really started to cause a stir.

Also, a recent crack in the Earth's magnetic field unleashed a magnificient auroral display over Norway earlier this month. There seems to be increasing evidence that the Solar Wind does periodically enter our planet's Magnetosphere, and may, somewhat paradoxically, even be responsible for it.

“We’ve discovered that our magnetic shield is drafty, like a house with a window stuck open during a storm,” says Harald Frey of the University of California, Berkeley

Since this issue was written, and while we were “going to press” as it were, some interesting evidence came to our attention which may support the notion that the Earth’s magnetic field was originally ‘seeded’, and continues to be supported by the Solar Wind.

A paper entitled Solar wind induced magnetic field around the unmagnetized Earth (2004) by G. T. Birk1, H. Lesch1 and C. Konz2, looks particularly relevant in this regard, as does this excerpt from Natural Resources Canada website, an article entitled Generation of the Earth’s magnetic field:

“Even before the Earth’s magnetic field was first formed magnetic fields were present in the form of the sun’s magnetic field. Once the process is going, the existing field acts as the seed field.”

There’s some really intriguing, and seemingly holistic science going on in this area of physics - but further research is required to work out its veracity and its significance to our own theories regarding magnetism and the Universal Substrate. Watch this space: The Solar Wind III is already in preparation.

Read The Solar Wind II on SHAPE

New Special Issue: Death to Copenhagen!

Special Issue 57

The demise has been noted, and the last rites said, so the time has come to bury the beast!

The Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Theory must be laid to rest. Such a final necessary conclusion has definitely arrived, as its remains are beginning to stink!

Three things had to be done to bring things to this long desired state:

First, an alternative coherent, consistent and comprehensive Physical Explanation had to be found for all of the many anomalies of the Copenhagen Interpretation. And, it has been achieved here, by the inclusion of a currently-undetectable, but definitely- existing Universal Substrate, which has been theorised using only known particles.

Second, the illegitimate amalgam of contradictory philosophic stances, underpinned by the Principle of Plurality, and excused by the regular recourse to Pragmatism, had to be totally dismantled and replaced with a new approach to Science.

Third, there has to be an explanation as to why the equations used in Quantum Theory give answers that match the Reality. And, this turns out to be nothing more complex than fitting-up pure formal relations to a situation, by using that situation’s measured data. It is a useful oft-employed pragmatic trick!

But, the real cause of this great impasse was the abandonment of theories which actually delivered the most Objective Content, and replacing such a policy with one which allocated all cause to Pure Forms, so jettisoning things with unsubstantiated features for a “pure and whole description”, that delivered reliable predictions without a trace of the actual causality involved.

Presented here is the long-delayed interment of a long dead idea. To work out where we go next, we must return Physics to a genuine materialism.

This terminating instalment is just the latest in a series of issues of SHAPE Journal to debunk Copenhagen - the rest can be found here:

 

The Substrate

A material explanation for Einstein's space-time?

Properties Outwith and Within

A Matter of Context?

One of the arguments in Einstein's Theory of General Relativity concerns situations in which some system is wholly and uniformly contained within a higher and vastly larger system - like Jupiter and its Moons existing within the Sun-dominated Solar System. For, such a sub-system, as that of Jupiter, then behaves, to some extent, as if no overall super-system were present.

Einstein addressed such situations by talking of elevators and the effects, upon what may be contained within such, by the external contexts. He even considers the situation where the elevator is falling, compared with one with no context at all. His arguments turned me to thinking about my proposed undetectable, yet-definitely-material universal Substrate, for this might be considered in a similar way?

But, as distinct from Einstein's elevators - and their "contexts", my considered case would actually be full of its own composing Substrate Units, so any such local sub-system would be acting within them too. Clearly, this might well not be analogous to Einstein's Thought Experiment!

For, though my suggested Substrate could contain, within all the adjacent units of any contained sub-system, an overall "Gravity Field" - literally equal for all the elements of that sub system, it too would, presumably, also continue to act internally as if NO external field were present.

But, Einstein's Gravity Field was quite definitely continuous!

NOTE: So, in doing the above, am I perhaps just repeating that ancient error revealed by Zeno of Elea in his famous Paradoxes? For, that revealed the possible impasses produced by the two different assumptions of Continuity and Descreteness. So, are we here assuming that same Continuity, as of a "Space-Time Continuum" with its associated infinities, as in the Achilles and the Tortoise Paradox?And, even assuming the presence of the basic function of Propagation in a Substrate, which is entirely without either moving-carrying-units OR elastic interconnections between such units. And, explaining which turned out to be the most difficult problem to solve for that proposed Substrate...

So, returning to my original considerations, from that important diversion, the question seemed to be, "Is that because the very same forces act upon all local elements equally and hence, internally, at least, have no differentiating effects?"

For, the problem is complicated by whether energy is used from real, affected substrate units, OR whether the Substrate is more like Einstein's Space-Time continuum, with its distortion just directing movements in accordance with the "continuum slopes" - in other words involving NO distributed, stored-and-then-driving gravitational energy at all?

As the reader will no doubt have guessed, this theorist is not enamoured of idealist abstractions to explain concrete effects in Reality!

What seems much more likely is that a Universal Substrate of undetectable, but definitely material elements, itself performs the physical effects that Einstein abstractly attributes to his abstract Space-Time Continuum!

BUT, at the same time, such a stance, as I am proposing, does not throw away the clarity often achieved by formal representations of physically existing entities and phenomena, as we use them across, mostly effectively, ALL phenomena. However, it clearly also does not equate them as being identical!

For, such things are merely formal reflections of the real concrete World, but contain only pure mathematical, and hence unchanging, forms, and in order to work, the conditions pertaining MUST be appropriately unchanging. In both experiments and production, such necessary conditions are ensured by the scientists or producers involved, but on a cosmological scale such stability is quite naturally almost exactly delivered!

So, as with all Science and Technology over the last millennia, such formal relations will hold as long as the assumed, and usually such man-made, contexts are maintained.

Now, the Theory of the Universal Substrate, as suggested by this theorist, has already discounted the Copenhagen Interpretations of the confusing phenomena produced by the Double Slit Experiments, and has also even purely physically explained Quantized electron orbits in atoms too - both achieved by the assumption of this particular Universal Substrate. So, clearly, the next major task, looming large, must be the tackling of Einstein's General Relativity, physically, as has already been recently completed for Quantum Theory, and the mapping of the purely formal equations in both areas onto truly physical explanations!

The Quantum

THE QUANTUM

Is it intrinsic or caused?

The whole basis of the Quantum Revolution in modern Sub Atomic Physics is that the Quantum of electromagnetic energy is intrinsic to the Nature of Reality, so that all theories have to be modified to build this requirement into them.

But, could it be that there is a purely physical explanation for energy being cast into, and thereafter maintained as such descrete forms?

This might seem almost sacrilegious to literally all modern physicists, but a purely theoretical investigation into the effect of a totally undetectable, but both affected-and-affecting Universal Substrate, has questioned that assumption, by finding physical ways that such energy might have a Quantum Nature imposed upon it - especially as the very same nature would, thereafter, in its normal means of propagation, be rigidly maintained.

There was, of course, another good reason for embarking upon such an investigation, which was clearly that this theorist was unhappy with the anomalous results of the New Theory, especially in the whole series of Double Slit Experiments, which had become cornerstones of the Quantum Revolution, and had, in addition, also led to the dumping of Physical Explanations entirely, for a wholly formal mathematical description as being "more reliable", and still allowing prediction and reproducible phenomena.

As far as this physicist was concerned, however, the real heart of Physics was in its explanatory power, rather than its reliable formal predictability, so he embarked upon this exercise to also investigate all possible avenues for such an alternative to be available. And the Double Slit Experiments with their supposed "Wave/Particle Duality" cried out for a substrate-based solution.

But, there was no discernable Substrate!

Clearly, if one existed, it would have to be totally undetectable, while also effectively functioning as a propagator of Electromagnetic Radiation. Whatever it was composed-of would have to be self-hiding while entirely capable of carrying quanta of electromagnetic energy.

It could only be a joint-particle, of the same basic model as the atom but composed of sub-units - opposite in every possible way, but capable of carrying energy also hidden within it. The obvious theoretical candidate had to be a mutually-orbiting pair consisting of:-

An Electron of ordinary matter and a negative charge

+

A Positron of antimatter and a positive charge.

These, being of the same size, they would share the same orbit, but always occupying the exact opposite positions within it.

Such a joint particle would be invisible, but could carry a quantum of energy by the promotion of its internal orbit!

But, why should that carried energy be only as a Quantum?

The answer to that question is also answered by this new particle, but only revealed in its crucial role as part of a Universal Substrate. So, before we go any further we should establish just how this joint, neutral particle could possibly form an effectible and affecting Substrate.

It doesn't seem possible for such a neutral particle to be capable of forming any kind of "connected-Substrate", but investigation of these particles, in very-close proximity to one snother, has shown, theoretically-at-least, that they can.

For, when very close together, the sub-particles of one such unit will transiently be able to affect those of another. Indeed, as the sub-particles orbit they will cause an oscillating attraction and repulsion affect upon the two involved overall Units. And, the consequence would be that units - getting close enough, would be captured into a loosely-connected form, termed a Paving! And, all participating units would oscillate about mean positions at fixed separations of all the units involved. This would make a bucket-brigade propagation of quanta possible at a fixed speed - the Speed of Light - "C".

Now, for those impatiently awaiting the Creation of the Quanta, we are finally approaching the point where an explanation can ultimately be delivered.

It concerns the various possible modes of the Paving! For, though the form described above will be the default mode of the Substrate Units in quiescent regions, it can very easily be dissociated into its components Units, which in the consequent free-moving form are usually termed Photons.

And, the same material interlopers that precipitated such a dissociation will also tend to drive them into Streams and even Vortices. And though those these modes will be usually temporary, there is one set of circumstances in which that will not be the case.

It is that inside all atoms! For there, the dissociating cause is an orbiting electron, which will constantly return, and re-affect the photons and the caused Vortices in every single orbit. The energy will come from the orbiting electron and into the photons and Vortices, but the orbit will decline somewhat, so that upon a certain orbit, the energy will be FROM the photons and Vortices and BACK into the orbiting electron.

And there will be only a small number of optimum orbits, which display a persisting balance, so become Stable: these are the Quantised Orbits for that atom! 

And hence, all transfers of energy changing these orbits will always be between that atom's stable orbits!

It is only in atoms where the specific quanta of energy are determined!

The Photon

The Photon

Pure Energy Quantum or Undetectable Container?

Purely Formal Description or Material Explanation?

Clearly, such paradoxes, as appear in the subtitles of this paper, reflect the now universally-accepted, paradoxical properties of this crucial entity. For, current theories, based upon the Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Theory insist upon such paradoxes as being absolutely-essential to the real nature of this entity, and of Sub Atomic Physics in general.

Perhaps the most incongruous of these ideas are the related phenomena of Pair Production and Pair Annihilation! For, in Pair Production, a high-energy Photon suddenly converts from being a Quantum of Pure Energy into TWO material particles - an ordinary matter Electron with a negative charge, and an antimatter Positron with a positive charge.

Clearly, an example of matter being created out of Pure Energy - initially in some non-material, yet finite and localised form, which, then, all by itself, converts into two material particles of "incompatible" matter-types, moving off in exactly opposite directions...

Wow!

So, perhaps the opposite process of Pair Annihilation will help our understanding?

For, in Pair Annihilation, the encounter of an Electron and a Positron, immediately causes the destruction of these two well-defined material entities, in which their physically-based properties, are converted into a Quantum - as a finite, localised concentration of Pure Energy - somehow retaining something of its previous incarnation, but converted into "the possibility" of Electromagnetic Energy, which is traditionally described in terms of two interwoven, varying vectors - one electric and the other magnetic.

"Magic?"

Now, if the reader finds all this somewhat confusing - join the club! For, it was precisely such inexplicable paradoxes which led to the abandonment of the prior Explanatory Physics, to be totally replaced by a purely Descriptive, Mathematical alternative.

For, the new non-explanatory form could still be effectively used! It could predict, in a new way, with remarkable accuracy - and with the still major persistence of Pragmatism, as a long-relied-upon means of getting-around contradictions, physicists found that the prior requirement of also coherently-and-physically explaining phenomena, could be jettisoned for a pure mathematical consistency instead, which, henceforth, replaced Explanation as a sufficient "Theory"!

But, two immediate questions present themselves:-

1. Is such a change philosophically sound?
2. Is there a different physical explanation?

Now, there is an immediate answer to Question 1, which also explains a great deal more than we are considering here. To carry it through with sufficient philosophical rigor would be a significant undertaking. So, the briefest answer will have to suffice here (though a full treatment is available from this theorist elsewhere).

Ever since the breakthroughs of the Ancient Greeks, Mankind has had to manage with an incompatible amalgam of basically contradictory philosophic stances. Indeed, the prior major intellectual stance of Pragmatism was retained, but overlain, first, with Idealism and Plurality (from their invention of Mathematics), and then with Materialism from early observational Science. There was no avoiding inevitable contradictions, and a powerful blinkering to restrict study to exclusively actual or man-made Stabilities, and ignoring qualitative change as being solely due to mere quantitative accumulation. Finally, their development of Formal Logic was also damaged by the very same premise-extractions from Mathematics.

Such a basis was always, and still is, inadequate to the tasks presented to scientists by Development, Evolution and the emerging Nature of Reality at the Sub Atomic Level. The unavoidable contradictions proved just too much, and without a real philosophical solution, they just dropped the "culprit" of Physical Explanation completely.

Now, as to question 2!

There is, in fact, an alternative Physical Explanation, which certainly explains both Pair Production and Pair Annihilation, which I will touch on here. And, when extended beyond these phenomena and involving different components, seems to offer a full refutation to Copenhagen in general.

It involves the combination of an Electron and a Positron into a stable joint particle!

This is usually discounted due to the universally accepted tenet that matter and antimatter mutually annihilate one another on contact to deliver Pure Energy: but what if they mutually orbit one another instead?

We know it can happen because of the Positronium - a mutually-orbiting pair of precisely these two entities, as was observed in the Tevatron at Fermilab, but in that accelerator, what was produced never survived for long!

The alternative is a sufficiently stable version of that joint particle, which I have re-named the Neutritron.

So what do we get?

It appears to be a very small, wholly neutral particle with no magnetic dipole moment. It will therefore be undetectable in almost all circumstances, but, nevertheless, it is capable of having its internal orbit promoted by absorbing energy. And, if it is then moving freely it appears to us as a physical Photon!

Also, if too much energy is absorbed, it is clear that such an entity will dissociate into its component units - giving us Pair Production too.

Remarkably, this theorist has also established that in spite of its neutrality it can form a weakly-associated Substrate, termed a Paving, for, in very close proximity to one another, two Neutritrons can experience an oscillating attraction and repulsion, due to the effects of the orbiting sub-particles in one affecting those in the other. Indeed, as this only occurs within a small, fixed distance apart, the Paving seems an ideal medium for the propagation of quanta of Electromagnetic Energy, travelling from unit-to-unit in a bucket-brigade fashion, giving us the fixed Speed-of-Light!

Further, investigations have enabled this Theory to explain ALL of the anomalies of the Double Slit Experiments too.

 

Dissociations of the Paving into free-Moving Neutritrons (Photons) has also allowed driven streams of these units and even Vortices, which when associated with orbiting electrons in atoms, can physically explain Quantised Orbits - without the need for Planck's Constant and the rest of the Copenhagen "theories".

[With thanks to Yves Couder for his earlier Walker Experiments, with his revealing of similarly-caused Quantised orbits at the Macro Level in a "Substrate-only" Experiment]

Yves Couder's experiment shows the potential for a physical substrate to explain quantum phenomena

As a postscript, I cannot omit the extension of this Theory to include both Magneton and Graviton units of such a Universal Substrate, which are fast removing all the anomalies of Fields - which become re-arrangements of the Substrate.

Issue 56: Substrate

Read the new issue

For some time now this theorist has postulated that some hidden medium must permeate all space - but this is no aether theory reboot. In this collection of papers Schofield develops these ideas further, demonstrating that many of the mysteries and anomalies in the quantum world can be explained simpy using physics, dialectics and the sub atomic particles we have been aware of since the 1930s.

This issue places a particular focus on fields in space: magnetic, electrical and even gravitational - and how a Universal Substrate might finally offer a material explanation for action-at-a-distance.

Issue 55: The Solar Wind

Read issue

This edition comprises of a loose collection of related papers marking the start of a nascent research area - how magentic fields extend across vast distances of supposedly ‘empty’ space and affect each other - the Sun affecting the Earth for example. 

I’m trying to find research papers which explain what I think might be happening with the charged particles originating in the upper atmosphere of the sun. I assume that although taken as a whole the solar wind would be electrically neutral. However, there are both positive and negatively charged plasmas. I believe that the positive particles may be of varying mass (that is nuclei with different numbers of protons and neutrons). If this is so then I would guess that the proportion of heavier elements decreases with increasing mass.

Obviously higher energy (plasma-based) charged particles would penetrate deeper through the earth’s magnetic field. Moving charged particles will create an associated magnetic field. Such magnetic fields would interfere with the earth’s magnetic field. Therefore, are we looking at a topology problem? That is, it’s the shape of the resulting magnetic field that would describe what is happening at the poles.

New Special Issue: The Nanocosm!

Read here

My ongoing investigation into a material Universal Substrate which explains magnetism, gravity and the propagation of light, has lead to the realisation that the sub-atomic realm must be divided into various levels, at colossally different scales.

The time has come to address these Internal Worlds of The Universal Substrate - that is the inter-relationships of the suggested different Substrate Units both with-each-other, and also with any macrocosmic events happening within that sub-macrocosmic Substrate as Universal Ground.

Now, from the outset, it must be made clear that these Various Units, though of the same basic mutually-orbiting, bi-particle construction, are, nevertheless, related to others of the very same kind in very different ways, and via diverse properties. AND, crucially, they are also of vastly different sizes. The lowly Electron Neutrino is some 600,000,000 times smaller than the Magnetons at the other end of this colossal scale!

My contention is that these effectively constitute very different “Worlds of the Underlying Cosmos”, below the macrocosm of the everyday world.

Nested Substrate Levels

Emma McNally

How the Different Fields of the Universal Substrate co-exist

There are, as yet, unsolved problems with our suggestion of a "Multi-Level Substrate", for two very good reasons! 

First, we have to accommodate multiple kinds of fields, utilising different levels within the Substrate, yet occupying the very same volumes of "Space"! 

And second, the summation of multiple fields of the same type and occurring at the same level within the substrate, but involving different directions (due to different initiators). 

It is the former problem which is the easiest to solve, because as the simultaneous fields are of very different types, they will be utilising different units of the Substrate - involving very different Unit sizes, and hence occurring at very different levels. For, such sub-Substrate systems can interpenetrate one another - one existing within the interstices or gaps between those of the other, larger kind: in effect the two fields are occupying the very same space. 

But, such a handy separation will NOT be available when the two different fields are of exactly the same type, and are affecting a single unit of the substrate, for they will invariably involve different directions. 

So, as the shells are building outwards from two different initiators in re-orientating the affected substrate units, these "tides" extending outwards from different initiators will ultimately meet - and a unit common to two fields will be somehow be changed to include the joint effects of both. 

But, this could be solved by the Vector Addition of Amount (given by distance from the initiator) and Direction (given by the orientation of the internal orbit's axis) and these would merge to give a joint energy amount and resultant direction, within a single unit.

Special Issue 52 - The Nanocosm

Meta-Gravity?

Directed Meta-Level Gravity 

The construction of a directed gravitational field within the Universal Substrate

Clearly, if we drop the frankly-magical varying-active- and-directed gravitational “field-happening-in-totally-nothing” - somehow subtended across vast volumes of completely Empty Space, we not only have to consider the presence of a Universal Substrate as its necessary means of a propagation, but also such a field’s own self- erection within such a Substrate, and delivered solely by the Substrate’s own special Units, as responding-and- active parts of that only possible intermediary.

And, it is also clear that such a field is merely only initiated, rather than caused, by the presence and properties of both-of-the-Masses involved. For they are certainly not intrinsically altered in any way by the fields they apparently subtend!

So that, instead, we must have a self-built Substrate-Field, actively constructed by the implicit properties of that Substrate, but located outwards from each initiating Mass, by each-and-every Substrate Unit that is involved in both moving-to the initiator, and equipping- itself both with an appropriate(?) energy deposit, plus a crucial directional-indicator pointing back directly towards that initiator.

How else could that field cause movements of the right size and direction to any affected bodies?

We can only assume that particular gravity-field-versions of the Universal Substrate set of Units, or Gravitons, were, in the prior absence of any massive initiator, both just randomly-moving-about (like a gas), and, because of this, also cancelling-out any of their resident properties, so as to be totally-undetectable.

NOTE: the parallel problem of Electromagnetic Fields has also been solved in a very similar way, by involving two exact mirror image units in equal quantities, the Magnetons, which also required detectable properties in order to actively function as they certainly must, but also needed to be undetectable when inactive. Clearly, a similar solution will be necessary for Gravitons also.

But then, with the arrival of a massive object, into such a Substrate, it would seemingly effectively “capture” those previously randomly-moving Units into a series of static concentric shells surrounding that material object, with all their directional features pointing exclusively towards (and directly-away from it, in a dipole manner), and filled with enough energy (dredged from elsewhere in the substrate) to be available, in an inverse-square- law manner, to deliver a gravitational impulse, when encountering a another material intruder coming into its aegis.

NOTE: the directional element within each Unit must be “dipolar” in a different way to the similar directional elements in electromagnetic Substrate Units (the magnetons). For, it does not have dissimilar opposite directions - such as the magneton’s North & South, but here presenting the same effect in both directions.

The reason for this is that the aligning of gravitational substrate units around the initiator, will on the one hand to balance the gravitational mass of the initiator, but also to transmit that same effect outwards via the dipoles of the units of the field.

Clearly, such “gravitational field Units” of the Substrate could, at this stage, only be influenced by the size of the initiating Mass, as no other interacting Mass is yet on the scene, as currently that aspect of any possible future interaction is yet to be addressed.

Clearly, nothing will then happen, until another material entity’s own gravitational field, building-out-from-it, as initiator, encounters the prior gravitational field of the first-considered Mass.

Clearly, when the two material objects are still very far apart, a reasonable “simplification” might be to consider the fields as wholly independent of one another - established around each, but not yet acting upon anything else.

But, the situation, which must be addressed, is when that is no longer the case, and two such bodies, both depending upon their own individual total Masses, will apparently begin to mutually affect each other.

The major question must be, “Will both initiators then produce joint field units, combining effects from both Masses, or will the fields continue to exist, separate-but- interleaved with one another?”

Once again, the reasonable initial simplification must be to assume the latter, because of the implications of the former, for the then clearly much more complicated Gravitational field Substrate Units will be too much to deal with just yet!

Now, with these assumptions, each Mass is affected by the other in proportion to that other Mass’s size, and, via the involved, connecting line of field units, is forcibly- directed towards that other - all the time suffering changing effects as the distances between decline. It is concerning the amount of this movement, where each body’s own mass also becomes involved.

NOTICE, how the Equations, derived for these processes, hide the actual contributions-and-dynamics, as well as their reasons, in a purely quantitative, simplified and idealised pure mathematical form!

In contrast, what is being attempted here is primarily a Physical Understanding and Explanation!

Also, it is important that because of any prior in-process movements of the two bodies, they may well only be merely re-directed by this gravitational interaction, and will, having passed one another, carry on upon new paths, taking their separate fields with them!

Apart from possible collisions and even merging, the only other possibility, will undoubtedly be the capture of one body by the other, resulting in an orbit of the lesser around the greater, and, a complex interaction of the two fields in some stable situation.

These fields may well, in fact, actually merge, but be then transformed into a two-ways-facing joint-field-unit, transmitting attractive influences back to both masses and causing them to move towards one another.

But, is much-too-soon to address such complexities: we will stay with our simplification as long as it suffices in delivering increased understanding of what is going on. The two “interleaved” fields will change in contained energy to always reflect their varying, current distances apart. Only when these changes are instituted will any consequent field actions occur.

Then, both the masses involved will use the gathered-in energy in its adjacent field units to be pulled towards the other! The changes in both fields will, themselves be modified by the changing positions of the initiating Masses, so propagations of field energies will be changing due to two simultaneous effects:-

1. the using up of field energy to move the affected Masses

2. the moving-in of energy from elsewhere in the Substrate to replenish depleted Units back to the appropriate, currently-required levels

NOTE: In the actual, here-unaddressed situation of merged fields, there would also be a third constant adjustment to even the un-used field energies, to reflect the changing distances away of the initiating Masses.

Of course, such descriptions do not say either “how” or “why” these things happen, for instead of simple “cause-and-result” situation, we have, instead, each seen as both cause-and-result of each other, while the whole thing is actually entirely due to an affected-and-effecting Substrate, actually delivering everything involved.

We can, and indeed do, simplify, by usually taking a relative-to-one-mass standpoint (as most of our experiences are of vastly-differently-sized entities), but the real situation is usually more complicated than that.

The problem, as it was with Electromagnetic Fields, also within the same Universal substrate, is surely Movement. For, it was the Movement of charged, orbiting particles that activated Magnetic Dipole Effects, and, in so doing, also delivered the necessary capabilities of built-in Direction.

So, it looks highly likely that such Movements could also be responsible for similar effects in Gravity: indeed something like a dipole-direction-effect, related to ordinary Gravity - in the same way that Magnetism is related to moving electrical charge effects.

Just as magnetons, when moving, also deliver a Magnetic effect, and when in orbits define an orbital plane with a directed magnetic effect perpendicular to that plane, so, it is here postulated that when gravitons move they too deliver a Meta-Gravity Effect, when in orbits, also defining an orbital plane, with the directed Meta-Gravity Effect perpendicular to that, in the same way!


This paper can be found in our new Special Issue (51)

Holist Cosmology